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| c. 1040 |
| | A Chinese manual on warfare includes the earliest known description of gunpowder | |
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| 1648 |
| | The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases | |
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| 1662 |
| | British chemist Robert Boyle defines the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in any gas (subsequently known as Boyle's Law) | |
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| 1702 |
| | German chemist Georg Stahl coins the name phlogiston for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning | |
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| c. 1735 |
| | Swedish chemist Georg Brandt discovers a new metallic element, which he names cobalt | |
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| 1751 |
| | The Swedish chemist Alex Cronstedt identifies an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element, which he names nickel | |
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| 1754 |
| | Scottish chemist Joseph Black identifies the existence of a gas, carbon dioxide, which he calls 'fixed air' | |
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| 1766 |
| | English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen but believes that it is phlogiston | |
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| 1773 |
| | Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolates oxygen but does not immediately publish his achievement | |
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| 1774 |
| | English chemist Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen, but he believes it to be 'dephlogisticated air' | |
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